Memory cycle v1.1 — phase history notes
Companion to [[phase-history.csv]]. First full run, 2026-05-18. This file is the methodology + honest-limits log for the labeled transitions, written so a future re-labeling pass (or /investing:backtest-thesis v2) knows what was strong evidence vs what was inference.
Methodology used
Mechanical rules applied (where data permits)
- down-cycle entry (current cycle: 2022 — high confidence): triggered when TrendForce DRAM-spot monthly aggregate shows price-down or price-neutral signals dominating for 3+ consecutive months AND at least one tier-1 vendor cuts capex guidance. The Q1 2022 transition meets both — first price-down signals Dec 2021, dominant through Q1 2022, Micron capex cut Sep 2022.
- recovery entry (current cycle: 2022 — high confidence): triggered when monthly aggregate shifts to price-up signals being majority for 2+ consecutive months. July-September 2023 in the TrendForce data is the cleanest transition: price-up signals first appear July, dominate by September, fully clean (no price-down) by November.
- capacity-online (current cycle: 2018, 2022 — high confidence): triggered when major vendor (Micron / SK Hynix / Samsung) reports cycle-peak margin in earnings (e.g. Micron FY2018 GM 58.9% — extreme oligopoly pricing power signals new capacity is about to arrive).
Qualitative rules used where mechanical rules fail
- Pre-2017 cycles (1997, 2001, 2008): no monthly TrendForce structured data available. Phase labels constructed from:
- Earnings-call commentary captured in industry retrospectives (Nomad Semi, uncoveralpha, semiconsam)
- Bankruptcy / consolidation events as proxy for cycle bottom (Qimonda Jan 2009 = high-confidence 2008-cycle trough; Elpida Feb 2012 = post-2008 capacity-online proxy)
- DOJ price-fixing scandal dates as proxy for 2001-2002 down-cycle (price-fixing conspiracy ran 1998-2002 = the down-cycle window)
- DDR SDRAM commercial launch (Samsung Jun 1998) as 1997-cycle capacity-online proxy
- Pre-2010 hyperscaler capex anchor: unusable. Hyperscalers were not the dominant DRAM demand driver until 2014+. Pre-2010 cycles use vendor 10-K MD&A + DRAM spot retrospectives only.
Decision rules from thesis applied mechanically
Per phase_definitions in v1.1:
- demand-recognition: "Quarterly memory demand growth >15% YoY for 2+ consecutive quarters" — applied to 2021-02 (TrendForce 2Q21 DRAM contract +13-18% QoQ confirms), 2024-02 (HBM3E qualification + SK Hynix capex tripling), 2016-06 (Micron FY2017 revenue +64% YoY)
- capacity-announcement: "Memory vendor publicly commits >20% capacity increase" — applied to 2017-06 (SK Hynix M14 + Samsung Pyeongtaek P1), 2024-09 (SK Hynix M15X accelerated)
- down-cycle: "DRAM spot declining for 6+ consecutive months OR vendor margin compression >30%" — both triggered for 2022 cycle (TrendForce + Micron Q2 FY23 GM -32.7% well above 30% compression threshold)
- recovery: "DRAM spot stabilizing for 2+ months AND vendor capex cuts announced" — 2023-07 through 2023-11 transition has both (price-up dominant + Samsung 50% production cuts already in place)
Coverage achieved
| Cycle | Transitions labeled | High-confidence count | Medium | Low | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 1 | Pre-data era; relying on industry retrospectives + DDR launch + consolidation events |
| 2001 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 3 | Worst-covered cycle; DOJ price-fixing dates are best mechanical anchor we have |
| 2008 | 7 | 5 | 1 | 0 | Best pre-TrendForce cycle (Qimonda bankruptcy = sharp, dateable signal; Micron 10-K data available) |
| 2018 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | Strong vendor financial data (Micron FY18 peak GM) + SK Hynix fab dates available |
| 2022 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | Best-covered cycle; TrendForce monthly + Micron capex-cut + Samsung production-cut all dateable to month |
| 2024-current | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | Live cycle; TrendForce monthly data + smart-money 13F + vendor earnings all available |
| Total | 33 | 19 (58%) | 9 (27%) | 5 (15%) |
Aggregate: 33 transitions labeled across 6 cycles. 58% high-confidence; 85% high-or-medium confidence. Meets the skill's self-check threshold (>33% high-or-medium, >2/3 not-low).
Top 3 most-confident phase calls
- 2022 down-cycle entry (Mar 2022) — TrendForce monthly data shows the regime shift cleanly across Q1 2022; Micron capex cut Sep 2022 confirms; Samsung 50% production cut confirms. Multi-source convergence to within ~1 month.
- 2008 down-cycle confirmation (Sep 2008 + Jan 2009) — Qimonda's Jan 2009 bankruptcy is a sharp, dateable consolidation event; cumulative losses Q3 2007-Q4 2008 well-documented in industry retrospectives. The bottom is unambiguous.
- 2018 capacity-online + cycle-peak (Jun-Sep 2018) — Micron FY2018 GM peaks at 58.9% (extreme oligopoly pricing) immediately preceded by SK Hynix M15 Cheongju production start; Micron stock peaks ~$64 then falls 56% within months. Classic capacity-online → down-cycle transition with clear vendor-financial trace.
Known gaps + caveats for backtest-v2
Sparse pre-2017 data — handle with skepticism
The 1997 and 2001 cycles have only qualitative evidence (industry retrospectives + DOJ records + consolidation events). A backtest run against these labels should expect ~3-month uncertainty on transition dates and should not place strategy decisions on tight phase boundaries pre-2010. The 2008 cycle is better because Qimonda + Micron 10-K + Elpida bailout dates are sharp, but even there, the recovery-to-demand-recognition transition (~2010-06) is medium-confidence at best.
Hyperscaler-capex anchor unusable pre-2014
The v1.1 thesis uses hyperscaler capex direction as anchor #1 — but hyperscalers (AWS, Azure, GCP, Meta) were not the dominant DRAM demand driver until ~2014-2015. Pre-2014 cycles cannot be re-labeled using this anchor; the labels rely on PC/enterprise demand commentary instead. Implication: cycles 1997, 2001, 2008, and the early phase of 2018 are structurally different from current cycles (different demand driver = different dynamics). A backtest spanning 1997-2026 is implicitly comparing two regimes.
Regime change risk — 2024-current cycle may NOT be cyclical
Per founder's v1.1 framing and the Castellano "HBM Has Broken the Memory Cycle" hypothesis, the AI-driven HBM tightness may be structurally different from prior cycles. Specifically: vendors are pursuing "minimize oversupply risk" capex discipline (Samsung explicit statement, Q1 2026 earnings) rather than the classic build-flood-crash cycle. This means the 2024-current cycle may NOT have a cleanly dateable down-cycle entry coming — if the founder's thesis is right, capacity discipline holds and the next transition is plateau, not crash. The backtest harness should treat the current cycle as a "live, may-not-complete" cycle and not force a synthetic crash date.
TrendForce data starts Feb 2021 — earlier gap
The DRAM-spot CSV nominally claims 2017-2026 coverage in its filename, but the actual data starts Feb 2021. Pre-2021 DRAM-spot labeling relied on retrospective industry sources, not the structured monthly scraper output. If a future re-labeling pass wants tighter 2017-2020 transition dates, scraping TrendForce news archives 2017-2020 or pulling DRAMeXchange historical data would help.
Multiple-raters disagreement: 1-2 months expected, larger for pre-2010
Within 2017-2026 (mechanical rules apply): two researchers using the v1.1 phase_definitions and TrendForce data would agree on transitions to within ~1 month. Within 2008-2016 (vendor 10-K + retrospective sources): ~3-month agreement. Pre-2008: ~6-month agreement is realistic, possibly worse. Backtest sensitivity analysis should test phase-window edges at ±1 month (recent cycles) and ±3 months (older cycles).
Smart-money anchor only goes back to 2024 Q2
The smart-money-watch v0 backfill covers 2024 Q2 - 2026 Q1 (8 quarters). For the 2018 cycle and earlier, smart-money 13F evidence was NOT used as a phase anchor — would require a separate historical 13F backfill (3-5 manager 5-year backfill is the natural next step). For the 2024-current cycle, the 2026 Q1 multi-manager SANDISK + INTEL entries support the demand-recognition phase but are not load-bearing alone.
Phase boundaries are not sharp
This is the deepest honest caveat. Phases are labels imposed on continuous underlying state. The "down-cycle" of 2022 began with first price-down signals Dec 2021, dominated by Mar 2022, was deepest by Q1 2023 (Micron GM -32.7%), and "ended" sometime Jul-Nov 2023. Picking any single transition date is a choice. The CSV picks transitions where the founder's defined mechanical rules from phase_definitions first fire, which is the most defensible default.
What the backtest-v2 should do with this
- Use the high-confidence transitions as primary phase boundaries. That's ~19 of the 33 entries. The 5 low-confidence pre-2001 entries are inputs the backtest can choose to fold into adjacent transitions if they're not load-bearing.
- Sensitivity-test against ±1 month (recent) / ±3 months (older) windows. If thesis P&L is sensitive to a 1-month phase-boundary shift, the strategy is over-fit to the labels and should be reconsidered.
- Treat 1997, 2001 cycles as supplementary, not primary. The 2008, 2018, 2022, and 2024-current cycles are the four with usable mechanical phase boundaries. Backtest performance on those four cycles is the meaningful signal.
- Treat 2024-current as a live, may-not-complete cycle. Don't assume a down-cycle transition is coming on a fixed clock. The Castellano/Samsung-discipline hypothesis is that this cycle may stay in Phase 2 plateau structurally longer than prior cycles.
Open follow-ups
- Backfill TrendForce news archives 2017-2020 to fill the pre-Feb-2021 DRAM-spot gap (sharper 2018-cycle transition dates).
- Smart-money 13F historical backfill 2008-2023 (would give phase-confirmation anchor for 2018 + 2022 cycles).
- Seeking Alpha earnings-call transcript pull for Micron + SK Hynix + Samsung quarterly commentary 2017-2026 (would tighten capex-cut and capacity-announcement dates by quarter).
- Castellano "HBM has broken the cycle" hypothesis: should be tested explicitly as a backtest variant ("current cycle does not crash, force exit only on smart-money disconfirmation").
Sources used in this labeling pass
- TrendForce historical CSV (vault:
~/rdco-vault/01-projects/investing/anchors/dram-spot/trendforce-historical-2017-2026.csv, 252 rows Feb 2021 - Apr 2026) — primary anchor for 2021+ phase transitions - Smart-money 2yr backfill summary (vault:
~/rdco-vault/01-projects/investing/anchors/smart-money/2026-05-17-aggregate-2yr-backfill-summary.md) — corroboration for 2024-current cycle - Industry retrospectives via WebSearch: Nomad Semi DRAM primer, uncoveralpha "Every Memory Cycle Ends the Same", semiconsam "memory chicken game", Castellano "HBM Has Broken the Memory Cycle"
- Wikipedia: DRAM price-fixing scandal, Dynamic random-access memory, DDR SDRAM, Qimonda, Micron Technology
- IEEE Spectrum: Qimonda bailout failure (Jan 2009 trough anchor)
- Computerworld: DRAM price spike after Qimonda bankruptcy (recovery anchor)
- Tom's Hardware: Micron 2023 losses (down-cycle deepening anchor)
- Equity Insider: Micron Sep 2022 capex cut (down-cycle confirmation)
- KEDGlobal + SK Hynix news: SK Hynix M14/M15/M15X fab production dates (capacity-online anchors)
- Medium "Memory Supercycle" + TrendForce news: 2024-current cycle vendor financial data
Changelog
- 2026-05-18 (v1) — Initial labeling pass. 33 transitions across 6 cycles, 58% high-confidence. Routed as input to /investing:backtest-thesis v2. Honest gaps documented; live cycle treated as may-not-complete.